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hierbij vast de conclusies:
"Generating energy with solar PV is a cost-effective and reliable solution for power generation in the Caribbean. Incorporation of the best available engineering, design, delivery, and operational practices can increase the reliability and survival rates from extreme wind loading.
This paper is limited in its ability to be omniscient of all failure modes and all corrective actions, and cannot guarantee the efficacy of any recommended action. However, it provides a set of best practices regarding specifications of equipment and procedures along with a framework for continued collaboration within a community of practice.
Specifications include:
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Specify high-load (up to 5,400 Pa uplift) PV modules, based on structural calculations; these are currently available from a number of Tier-1 module manufacturers.
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Require structural engineering in accordance with ASCE 7 and site conditions, with sealed calculations for wind forces, reactions, and attachment design (ground-mount foundation).
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Confirm with racking manufacturer that actual site conditions comply with their base condition assumptions from wind-tunnel testing.
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Specify bolt QA/QC process: there were several instances of inadequate torqueing of bolts in the investigation—a workmanship and oversight issue.
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Specify bolt hardware locking solution.
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Specify through bolting of modules as opposed to top-down or T clamps, or if top clamping is required, use clamps that hold modules individually or independently.
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Require structural engineer review of lateral loads due to racking and electrical hardware—often lateral loads are missed and recent failures have proven them to be a critical source of weakness (e.g., combiner boxes attached to end solar array posts caused increased loading and led to failure).
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Do not recommend trackers for projects in Category 4 or higher wind zones.
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Specify all hardware be sized based on 25 years (or project life) of corrosion.
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Do not recommend any self-tapping screws.
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Specify dual post fixed tilt ground mounts, which significantly reduce foundation failure risk.
Likely the most effective strategies for improving system survival rates are communicating clear market signals to suppliers and upstream equipment providers and coordinating closely among practitioners.
This includes:
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Collaboration with module suppliers for implementation of static and dynamic load tests representative of Category 5 hurricane winds.
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Collaboration with racking suppliers for full scale and connection test representative of Category 5 winds.
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Collaboration with equipment suppliers to document material origin and certificate of grade and coating consistent with assumptions used in engineering calculations.
If successful, this paper will be one of the early actions that triggers more effective coordination across supply chains and the community of practice."
Ben zelf geinteresseerd omdat ik wat paneeltjes ga leggen op letterlijk 100 meter afstand van de Noordzee.
12 kWp; 3xSMA TL-21; Panasonic Aquarea 9J; DJG WPS-300; gasloos sinds aug. 2023