OK. die uitdaging neem ik aan...
In het kader van het klassieke scepticisme en in navolging van onder andere Carneades zal ik nu uitleggen waarom evolutie onzin is.
eerst even wat citaatjes<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>Evolution is NOT observable, testable, or repeatable. Evolution is NOT science!
Evolution is a faith, EVOLUTION IS RELIGION! What religion? Atheism! [/quote]of de mening van een paar vooraanstaande evolutionisten... je zou toch denken dat juist zij het wel zeker zouden weten, toch?<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>Evolution Is Religion, Not Science
Henry M. Morris, Ph.D.
Evolutionists often insist that evolution is a proved fact of
science, providing the very framework of scientific interpretation,
especially in the biological sciences. This, of course, is nothing but
wishful thinking. Evolution is not even a scientific hypothesis, since
there is no conceivable way in which it can be tested.
THE RELIGIOUS ESSENCE OF EVOLUTIONISM
As a matter of fact, many leading evolutionists have recognized the
essentially "religious" character of evolutionism. Even though they
themselves believe evolution to be true, they acknowledge the fact that
they _believe_ it! "Science", however, is not supposed to be something
one "believes." Science is knowledge -- that which can be demonstrated
and observed and repeated. Evolution cannot be proved, or even tested;
it can only be believed.
For example, two leading evolutionary biologists have described
modern neo-Darwinism as "part of an evolutionary dogma accepted by most
of us as part of our training."[1] A prominent British biologist, a
Fellow of the Royal Society, in the Introduction to the 1971 edition of
Darwin's _Origin of Species_, said that "belief in the theory of
evolution" was "exactly parallel to belief in special creation," with
evolution merely "a satisfactory faith on which to base our
interpretation of nature."[2] G.W. Harper calls it a "metaphysicalbelief."[3]
Ernst Mayr, the outstanding Harvard evolutionary biologist, calls
evolution "man's world view today."[4] Sir Julian Huxley, probably the
outstanding evolutionist of the twentieth century saw "evolution as a
universal and all-pervading process"[5] and, in fact, nothing less than "the
whole of reality."[6] A leading evolutionary geneticist of the present
day, writing an obituary for Theodosius Dobzhansky, who himself was
probably the nation's leading evolutionist at the time of his death in
1975, says that Dobzhansky's view of evolution followed that of the
notorious Jesuit priest, de Chardin:
The place of biological evolution in human thought was, according
to Dobzhansky, best expressed in a passage that he often quoted
from Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: '(Evolution) is a general
postulate to which all theories, all hypotheses, all systems must
henceforward bow and which they must satisfy in order to be
thinkable and true. Evolution is a light which illuminates all
facts, a trajectory which all lines of thought must follow.'[7]
The British physicist, H.S. Lipson, has reached the followingconclusion:
In fact, evolution became in a sense a scientific religion;
almost all scientists have accepted it and many are prepared to
'bend' their observations to fit in with it.[8]
The man whom Dobzhansky called "France's leading zoologist," although
himself an evolutionist, said that scientists should "destroy the myth
of evolution" as a simple phenomenon which is "unfolding before us."[9]
Dr. Colin Patterson, Senior Paleontologist at the British Museum of
Natural History, by any accounting one of the world's top evolutionists
today, has recently called evolution "positively anti-knowledge," saying
that "all my life I had been duped into taking evolutionism as revealed
truth."[10] In another address he called evolution "story telling."[11]
All of the above-cited authorities are (or were) among the world's
foremost authorities on evolutionism. Note again the terms which they
use in describing evolution:
Evolutionary dogma A scientific religion
A satisfactory faith The myth of evolution
Man's world view Anti-knowledge
All-pervading process Revealed truth
The whole of reality An illuminating light
Metaphysical belief Story-telling
Charles Darwin himself called evolution "this grand view of life."
Now such grandiloquent terms as these are not scientific terms! One
does not call the law of gravity, for example, "a satisfactory faith,"
nor speak of the laws of thermodynamics as "dogma." Evolution is,
indeed, a grand world view, but it is _not_ science. Its very
comprehensiveness makes it impossible even to test scientifically. As
Ehrlich and Birch have said: "Every conceivable observation can be
fitted into it. --No one can think of ways in which to test it."[12][/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>THE SCIENTIFIC IRRELEVANCE OF EVOLUTION
Some people have deplored the questioning of evolution on the ground
that this is attacking science itself. In a recent debate, the
evolutionist whom the writer debated did not attempt to give any
scientific evidences for evolution, electing instead to spend his time
defending such scientific concepts as atomic theory, relativity,
gravity, quantum theory and science in general, stating that attacking
evolution was tantamount to attacking science!
The fact is, however, that the elimination of evolutionary
interpretations from science would hardly be noticed at all, in terms of
real scientific understanding and accomplishment. G.W. Harper comments
on this subject as follows:
It is frequently claimed that Darwinism is central to modern
biology. On the contrary, if all references to Darwinism suddenly
disappeared, biology would remain substantially unchanged. It
would merely have lost a little color. Grandiose doctrines in
science are like some occupants of high office; they sound very
important but have in fact been promoted to a position of
ineffectuality.[13]
The scientific irrelevance of evolutionism has been strikingly (but,
no doubt, inadvertently) illustrated in a recent issue of _Science
News_. This widely read and highly regarded weekly scientific journal
was commemorating its sixtieth anniversary, and this included a listing
of what it called the "scientific highlights" of the past sixtyyears.[14]
Of the sixty important scientific discoveries and accomplishments
which were chosen, only six could be regarded as related in any way to
evolutionist thought. These six were as follows:
(1). 1927. Discovery that radiation increases mutation rates in
fruit flies.
(2). 1943. Demonstration that nucleic acids carry genetic
information (3). 1948. Enunciation of the "big bang" cosmology.
(4). 1953. Discovery of the "double helix" structure of DNA.
(5). 1961. First step taken in cracking the genetic code.
(6). 1973. Development of procedures for producing recombinant
DNA molecules.
Four of these six "highlights" are related to the structure and
function of DNA. Even though evolutionists have supposed that these
concepts somehow correlate with evolution, the fact is that the
remarkable DNA molecule provides strong evidence of original creation
(since it is far too complex to have arisen by chance) and of
conservation of that creation (since the genetic code acts to guarantee
reproduction of the same kind, not evolution of new kinds). One of the
two other highlights showed how to increase mutations but, since all
known true mutations are harmful, this contributed nothing whatever to
the understanding of evolution. One (the "big bang" concept) was indeed
an evolutionary idea but it is still an idea which has never been proved
and today is increasingly being recognized as incompatible with basic
physical laws. Consequently, it is fair to conclude that no truly significant
accomplishment of modern science either depends on evolution or supports
evolution! There would certainly be no detriment to real scientific
learning if creation were incorporated as an alternative to evolution in
school curricula. It would on the other hand, prove a detriment to the
pervasive religion of atheistic humanism which now controls our schools.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>If "evolution" referred only to currently observable phenomena like domestic animal breeding or finch-beak variation, then winning the debate should have been no problem for Lewontin and Sagan even with a fundamentalist jury. The statement "We breed a great variety of dogs," which rests on direct observation, is much easier to prove than the statement that the earth goes around the sun, which requires sophisticated reasoning. Not even the strictest biblical literalists deny the bred varieties of dogs, the variation of finch beaks, and similar instances within types. The more controversial claims of large-scale evolution are what arouse skepticism. Scientists may think they have good reasons for believing that living organisms evolved naturally from nonliving chemicals, or that complex organs evolved by the accumulation of micromutations through natural selection, but having reasons is not the same as having proof. I have seen people, previously inclined to believe whatever "science says," become skeptical when they realize that the scientists actually do seem to think that variations in finch beaks or peppered moths, or the mere existence of fossils, proves all the vast claims of "evolution." It is as though the scientists, so confident in their answers, simply do not understand the question. [/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>each of whom has put unsubstantiated assertions or counterfactual claims at the very center of the stories they have retailed in the market. Wilson's Sociobiology and On Human Nature rest on the surface of a quaking marsh of unsupported claims about the genetic determination of everything from altruism to xenophobia. Dawkins' vulgarizations of Darwinism speak of nothing in evolution but an inexorable ascendancy of genes that are selectively superior, while the entire body of technical advance in experimental and theoretical evolutionary genetics of the last fifty years has moved in the direction of emphasizing nonselective forces in evolution. [/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>NOT ONE CHANGE OF SPECIES INTO ANOTHER IS ON RECORD. We cannot
prove that a single species has ever changed.[/quote] - Charles Darwin
Na deze woorden ga ik nu echt beginnen met een paar argumenten...<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>1. Research has shown that the requirements for life are so complex that
chance and even billions of years could not have produced them.[/quote]meer uitleg lijkt me niet nodig...<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>2. Spontaneous generation (the emergence of life from inorganic
materials) has never been observed.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>3. Mendel's laws of genetics explain virtually all of the physical
variations that are observed within life categories such as the dog
family. A logical consequence of these laws and their modern day
refinements is that there are limits to such variation.[/quote]je kan vooral honden niet veel verder fokken, de meest doorgefokte honden zijn het minst levensvatbaar. Oftewel: speciatie is helemaal niet zo makkelijk. En hoewel we ze toch aardig hebben omgebouwd, is interbreeding nog steeds mogelijk. Nog geen geobserveerde speciatie dus.<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>4. The many similarities between different species do not necessarily
imply a genealogical relationship; they may imply a common Designer.[/quote]oftewel: dit is een argument voor beide theorien en dus niet geldig voor de evolutietheorie.<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>5. Natural selection cannot produce new genes; it only selects among
preexisting characteristics.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>6. Mutations are the only proposed mechanism by which new genetic
material becomes available for evolution.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>7. Almost all observable mutations are harmful; many are fatal.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>8. No known mutation has ever produced a form of life having both
greater complexity and greater viability than its ancestors.[/quote]let op het vette stukje voordat je probeert dit af te kraken...<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>9. Over seventy years of fruit-fly experiments, equivalent to 2700
human generations, give no basis for believing that any natural or
artificial process can cause an increase in either complexity or
viability. No clear genetic improvement has been observed despite the
many unnatural efforts to increase mutation rates. In addition, no `new`
life form has been produced by mutation. No fruit fly `evolved` into a
mosquito or a bee.[/quote]Waarbij natuurlijk bedoeld wordt dat er uit de fruitvlieg geen nieuwe soorten zijn ontstaan, maar dat had je zelf al begrepen denk ik.<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>10. There is no evidence that mutations could ever produce any new
organs such as the eye, the ear, or the brain.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>11. There have been many imaginative but unsuccessful attempts to
explain how just one single protein could form from any of the assumed
conditions of the early earth. The necessary chemical reactions all tend
to move in the direction opposite from that required. Furthermore, each
possible energy source, whether the earth's heat, electrical discharges,
or the sun's radiation, would destroy the protein products millions of
times faster than they could be formed.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>12. If, despite the virtually impossible odds, proteins arose by chance
processes, there is absolutely no reason to believe that they could ever
form a self-reproducing, membrane-encased, living cell. There is no
evidence that there are any stable states between the assumed
naturalistic formation of proteins and the formation of the first living
cells. No scientist has ever advanced a testable procedure whereby this
fantastic jump in complexity could have occurred -- even if the universe
were completely filled with proteins, as you will see.[/quote] <BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>13. Computer-generated comparisons have been made of the sequences of
amino acids that comprise a protein which is common to 47 forms of
animal and plant life. The results of these studies seriously place
the theory of evolution into jeopardy.[/quote] <BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>14. The genetic information contained in each cell of the human body is
roughly equivalent to a library of 4000 volumes. For chance mutations
and natural selection to produce this amount of information, assuming
that matter and life `somehow` got started, is analogous to continuing
the following procedure until 4000 volumes have been produced:
(a) Start with a meaningful phrase.
(b) Retype the phrase but make some errors and insert
some additional letters.
(c) Examine the new phrase to see if it is meaningful.
(d) If it is, replace the original phrase with it.
(e) If it is not, return to step (b).
To accumulate 4000 volumes that are meaningful, this procedure would
have to produce the equivalent of far more than 10^3000
(10 to the 3000th power) animal offspring. To begin to understand how
large 10^3000 is, realize that the entire universe has `only` about
10^80 atoms in it.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>15. nonliving matter, come in two
forms that are chemically equivalent; about half can be described as
"right-handed" and half "left-handed" (a structural description -- one
is the mirror image of the other). However, the protein molecules found
in all forms of life, including plants, animals, bacteria, molds, and
even viruses, have only the left-handed variety. The mathematical
probability that chance processes could produce just one tiny protein
molecule with only left-handed amino acids is virtually zero.[/quote]<BLOCKQUOTE><font size=1 face=Verdana, Arial, Helvetica>quote:</font><HR>16. The simplest form of life consists of 600 different protein
molecules. The mathematical probability that just one molecule could
form by the chance arrangement of the proper amino acids is far less
than 1 in 10^527 (10 to the 527th power). The magnitude of the number
10^527 can begin to be appreciated by realizing that the visible
universe is about 10^28 inches in diameter.[/quote]lijkt me wel voldoende voor vandaag. Sorry voor de vele quotes, maar ik had geen zin om alles in eigen woorden over te tiepen...