Chinese Civil War (1945-49)
Bercovitch & Jackson: 100,000
Dan Smith: 1,000,000
Eckhardt: 1,000,000 from all causes
Small & Singer: 1,000,000 battle deaths
Wallechinsky: 1,200,000 battle deaths
Walker, Robert L., The Human Cost of Communism in China (1971): 1,250,000
Our Times: 3,000,000
Rummel:
War Dead: 1,201,000
Democide by Guomindang: 2,645,000
Democide by Communists: 2,323,000
Famine: 25,000
TOTAL: 6,194,000
Tibet (1950 et seq.)
Chinese occupation. (For the most part, it''s already been included in the numbers above.)
The most commonly cited number is 1,200,000 Tibetan deaths at the hands of the Chinese since 1950. This number appears in Our Times, in US House legislation, and at
www.freetibet.org.
Courtois: 600,000 - 1,200,000
Walker, Robert: 500,000-1,000,000 (all ethnic minorities)
Rummel: 375,000 democides.
... incl 150,000 Tibetans
Porter: 100,000 to 150,000.
Eckhardt:
1950-51 War: 2,000 civ.
1956-59 Revolt: 60,000 civ. + 40,000 mil. = 100,000
Harff and Gurr: 65,000 Tibetan nationalists, landowners, Buddhists killed, 1959
Small & Singer say that China lost 40,000 soldiers in Tibet between 1956 and ''59.
Yugoslavia:
Rummel, democides by perpetrator:
Axis occupying nations: 718,000
Chetnik partisans: 100,000
Communists: 100,000 as partisans, 500,000 shortly after coming to power
Ustashi government of Croatia: 655,000
TOTAL: 2,073,000 democides (also 555,000 battle deaths, for a grand total of 2,628,000)
Johan Wüscht, Population Losses in Yugoslavia during World War Two (1963), estimates a total population shortfall of 2,210,000 in the 1948 census. After accounting for emmigration (700,000) and a drop in births (423,000), he reckons the total number of deaths caused by the war and its aftermath to be 1,100,000. He also points out that adding up all the accusations of atrocities commited during the war far exceeds this calculated number of deaths, so one of them is wrong.
Vietnam, post-war Communist regime (1975 et seq.)
Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl Jackson ("Vietnam 1975-1982: The Cruel Peace", in The Washington Quarterly, Fall 1985) estimated that there had been around 65,000 executions. This number is repeated in the Sept. 1985 Dept. of State Bulletin article on Vietnam.
Estimates for the number of Boat People who died:
Elizabeth Becker (When the War Was Over, 1986) cites the UN High Commissioner on Refugees: 250,000 boat people died at sea; 929,600 reached asylum
The 20 July 1986 San Diego Union-Tribune cites the UN Refugee Commission: 200,000 to 250,000 boat people had died at sea since 1975.
The 3 Aug. 1979 Washington Post cites the Australian immigration minister''s estimate that 200,000 refugees had died at sea since 1975.
Also: "Some estimates have said that around half of those who set out do not survive."
The 1991 Information Please Almanac cites unspecified "US Officials" that 100,000 boat people died fleeing Vietnam.
Encarta estimates that 0.5M fled, and 10-15% died, for a death toll of 50-75,000.
Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy (1986): ŒM Chinese refugees in two years, 30,000 to 40,000 of whom died at sea. (These numbers also repeated by Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (1991))
Rummel
Vietnamese democide: 1,040,000 (1975-87)
Executions: 100,000
Camp Deaths: 95,000
Forced Labor: 48,000
Democides in Cambodia: 460,000
Democides in Laos: 87,000
Boat People: 500,000 deaths (50% not blamed on the Vietnamese govt.)
Mongolia (1926-1991)Communist Regime
The excavation of a mass grave containing the bodies of 5,000 Buddhist monks launched a rash of articles discussing Mongolia''s Stalininst years:
22 Oct. 1991 AP, cites
BBC: 35,000 death toll
Head of the Presidential Commission for Victims of Repression: 100,000, maybe more
23 Oct. 1991 NY Times: 100,000 people killed overall.
23 Oct. 1991 San Diego Union-Tribune: 17,000 monks killed under Communists.
Rummel: 100,000
North Korea (1948 et seq.)
Communist regime:
Rummel estimates that the Communist regime of North Korea committed 1,663,000 democides between 1948 and 1987
North Korean victims: 1,293,000
South Korean victims: 363,000
Courtois, Stephane, Le Livre Noir du Communism: 2,000,000
Famine, 1995-
13 March 1999, Agence France Presse: (citing N. Korean defector) 3,500,000 deaths as of 12/98
10 May 1999, AP:
The North Korean govt. estimates 220,000 famine-related deaths, 1995-98
US Congressional delegation: 2M
South Korean intelligence estimates that the population of North Korea fell from 25M to 22M.
East Germany (1949-89)
Communist Regime
27 Oct. 1991 LA Times: 100,000 died in captivity or were executed for political offenses in E.G. (citing an official report by the unified German govt.)
Rummel: 70,000 democides, 1948-87
WHPSI: 6,162 political executions, 1948-52
Romania (1948-89)
Communist Regime
Rummel: 435,000 democides, 1948-87
Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts (1993): 100,000 forced laborers died building the Danube-Black Sea Canal, 1949-53
George Hodos, Show Trials (1987): 75,000 executed during 1st 4 years of Communism.
8 Jan. 1990 Time: A Romanian court found Ceausescu guilty of genocide, with 60,000 victims.